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Advanced Surveying delves deeper
into the concepts introduced in basic surveying and introduces learners to
modern techniques, tools, and advanced methods used in the field. Here's an
overview:
1.
Introduction:
·
Understanding the need for advanced surveying
techniques.
·
Comparison between basic and advanced surveying
methods.
2.
Tacheometry:
·
A method of indirect leveling where distances
and elevations are determined from instrumental observations.
·
Techniques like stadia and subtense methods.
·
Application in terrains where traditional
leveling might be difficult.
3.
Curve Setting:
·
Importance in road, railway, and canal
alignments.
·
Different types of curves and their practical
applications.
·
Methods for setting out curves in the field.
4.
Advanced Leveling Techniques:
·
Techniques like reciprocal leveling which
tackles issues like earth's curvature and refraction.
·
Profile and cross-section leveling used in
designing roads and canals.
5.
Theodolite Surveys:
·
Advanced techniques using theodolites, including
triangulation.
·
Trigonometrical leveling, measuring horizontal
and vertical angles.
6.
Triangulation and Trilateration:
·
Techniques for determining locations based on
triangles formed from known points.
·
Differences and applications of both methods.
7.
Astronomical Surveying:
·
Use of astronomical techniques to determine the
position of points on the earth’s surface.
·
Concepts of azimuth, latitude, and longitude.
8.
Photogrammetry:
·
Surveying and mapping using photographs.
·
Introduction to aerial photography and satellite
imagery.
9.
Remote Sensing and GIS:
·
Introduction to the technology and methods of
gathering information about earth's surface from a distance.
·
Basics of Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
and its integration with remote sensing data.
10.
Modern Surveying Instruments:
·
Introduction to instruments like the Total
Station, which combines electronic distance measurement and theodolite
functions.
·
Use of Global Positioning System (GPS) in modern
surveying.
11.
Field Work and Data Analysis:
·
Planning and executing advanced survey projects.
·
Analyzing collected data and creating reports.
12.
Special Topics:
· Depending on the curriculum, topics like mine surveying, hydrographic surveying, or tunnel surveying might be covered.