22516 Operating System Unit 2 Notes PDF

                Operating systems (OS) are complex software systems with various components and services to manage hardware resources and provide various functionalities to the user and application software. Here's a breakdown:

Components of Operating System:

1. Kernel: It's the core component of the OS, responsible for most essential services such as memory management, process management, device management, etc. It operates in the system's privileged mode, which gives it direct access to hardware and system operations.
2. Shell: An interface that allows users to interact with the kernel. It can be a command-line interface (CLI) or a graphical user interface (GUI).
3. File System: Manages how data is stored and retrieved from storage devices. It organizes data into files and directories.
4. Device Drivers: These are special programs that enable the OS to communicate with specific hardware devices.
5. System Libraries: These are special functions or programs using which application programs or system utilities access Kernel's features.
6. System Utilities: Programs that provide the users with tools to manage, maintain, and control the computer.

Services of Operating System:

1. Program Execution: The OS loads a program into memory and schedules it for execution by the CPU.
2. I/O Operations: Controls and schedules how various I/O devices (e.g., disks, keyboards) are accessed by different programs.
3. File System Manipulation: The OS provides services to programs and users to create, delete, read, write, and manipulate files.
4. Error Detection & Handling: The OS constantly monitors the system for potential errors and offers means of reporting and handling these errors.
5. Resource Allocation: When multiple users or multiple tasks are operating concurrently, the OS decides which gets priority and allocates necessary resources to ensure smooth operation.
6. Security: The OS ensures that unauthorized users do not access the system and provides protection against malware. This involves user authentication, access rights management, and data encryption.
7. Inter-process Communication (IPC): Allows processes to communicate and synchronize with each other, whether within the same system or over a network.
8. Logging & Auditing: Keeps track of operations and events for troubleshooting and security monitoring.
9. Networking: Provides networking capabilities to communicate with other computers over a network.
10. User Management: Manages user profiles, authentication, permissions, and other aspects of users.
11. Update and Patch Management: Ensures that the OS remains up-to-date with the latest security patches and updates.

Conclusion:

                              The operating system, with its components and services, serves as the backbone of a computer system. It ensures that the hardware and software function together seamlessly and efficiently. The components are integral parts of the OS that allow it to function, while the services are the essential tasks or functionalities that the OS provides to applications and users.